Toxoplasma gondii is a unique intracellular parasite. It can infect a variety of cells in virtually
all warm-blooded animals. It has a worldwide distribution and, overall, around one-third of …

Coccidiosis is a widespread and economically significant disease of livestock caused by
protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria. This disease is worldwide in occurrence and costs …

Eimeria species, of the Phylum Apicomplexa, cause the disease coccidiosis in poultry,
resulting in severe economic losses every year. Transmission of the disease is via the faecal‐oral …

Toxoplasmosis is caused by Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite that is able to
infect any nucleated cell in any warm-blooded animal. Toxoplasma gondii infects around 2 …

Coccidian parasites are transmitted between hosts by the ingestion of food or water
contaminated with oocysts, followed by the release of infectious sporozoites and invasion of the …

The oocyst wall of coccidian parasites is a robust structure that is resistant to a variety of
environmental and chemical insults. This resilience allows oocysts to survive for long periods, …

ATP is an extracellular signal for the immune system, particularly during an inflammatory
response. It is sensed by the P2X 7 receptor, the expression of which is upregulated by pro-…

The P2X 7 R is highly expressed on the macrophage cell surface, and activation of infected
cells by extracellular ATP has been shown to kill intracellular bacteria and parasites. …

Almost any warm-blooded creature can be an intermediate host for Toxoplasma gondii.
However, sexual reproduction of T. gondii occurs only in felids, wherein fertilisation of haploid …

Affinity-purified gametocyte antigens (APGA) from Eimeria maxima, emulsified in Freund's
adjuvant, were injected intramuscularly into breeding hens on two or three occasions. As a …