TY - JOUR T1 - Necessity is the mother of invention: William Stewart Halsted’s addiction and its influence on the development of residency training in North America JF - Canadian Journal of Surgery JO - CAN J SURG SP - E13 LP - E18 DO - 10.1503/cjs.003319 VL - 63 IS - 1 AU - James R. Wright, Jr. AU - Norman S. Schachar Y1 - 2020/02/01 UR - http://canjsurg.ca/content/63/1/E13.abstract N2 - William Stewart Halsted developed a novel residency training program at Johns Hopkins Hospital that, with some modifications, became the model for surgical and medical residency training in North America. While performing anesthesia research early in his career, Halsted became addicted to cocaine and morphine. This paper dissects how his innovative multi-tier residency program helped him hide his addiction while simultaneously providing outstanding patient care and academic training. ER -