Immune | Possible decreased chemotaxis, phagocytosis, antibody production and oxidative killing |
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Hematopoetic | Hemoconcentration |
Cold-induced granulocytopenia |
Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
Right oxyhemoglobin shift (increased affinity) |
Decreased red cell deformability (microcirculation) |
Increased blood viscosity |
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Cardiac | Reduced cardiac output |
Depressed contractility |
Arrhythmias |
Delayed conduction (prolongation of EKG intervals), J wave or “Osborne” wave considered pathognomonic of hypothermia |
Vasoconstriction |
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Respiratory | Falsely increased PaO2 (if not temperature corrected) |
Decreased respiratory rate |
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Renal | Decreased renal tubular function (cold diuresis) |
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Gastrointestinal | Elevated serum amylase level |
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Hepatic | Reduced hepatic function |
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Metabolic | Falsely decreased pH (if not temperature corrected) |
Decreased adrenal activity |
Decreased metabolism of lactate and citrate |
Hyperkalemia |
Delayed wound healing |
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Neurologic | Decreased consciousness progressing to coma |
Absent motor and reflex functions |