Demographic characteristics of the 39 study participants
| Study | Design | Surgery type | No. of participants | No. of females | Age, mean,* yr |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amaral et al. 1987 (18) | CR | GES | 1 | 1 | 24 |
| Chandra et al. 2007 (19) | CR | LRYGB | 1 | 1 | 16 |
| Egan et al. 2011 (20) | PC | LAGB | 4 | 4 | 32 |
| Graber et al. 2010 (21) | CR | SG | 1 | 1 | 22 |
| Leslie et al. 2008 (22) | CR | LRYGB | 1 | 0 | 12 |
| Levin et al. 2015 (23) | CR | LRYGB | 1 | 1 | 29 |
| Nadkarni et al. 2004 (25) | CR | RYGB, SG | 2 | 2 | 42 |
| Noggle and Rodning 1986 (26) | CR | Revision RYGB | 1 | 1 | 34 |
| Soto et al. 2005 (27) | CR | LRYGB | 1 | 1 | 30 |
| Stangherlin et al. 2008 (28) | CR | LAGB | 1 | 1 | 47 |
| Sugerman et al. 1999 (30) | RC | 23 RYGB, 1 LAGB | 24 | 24 | 34 |
| Um et al. 2013 (31) | CR | SG | 1 | 1 | 26 |
CR = case report; GES = gastric exclusion surgery; LAGB = laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding; LRYGB = laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; PC = prospective cohort; RC = retrospective cohort; RYGB = Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SG = sleeve gastrectomy.
↵* The mean age of participants across all included studies was 32.5 yr.