Association between fracture classification, anatomic region, injury characteristics and time to closure and postoperative complications in patients who underwent primary closure
| Factor | No. open fractures | No. primary closures | Primary closure group; no. (%) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Superficial infection | Deep infection/osteomyelitis | Delayed union | Nonunion | |||
| Total | 297 | 255 | 28 (10.9) | 12 (4.7) | 14 (5.5) | 23 (9) |
| Gustillo–Anderson classification | ||||||
| I | 152 | 141 | 11 (7.8) | 2 (1.4) | 3 (2.1) | 11 (7.8) |
| II | 73 | 69 | 13 (18.8) | 6 (8.7) | 6 (8.7) | 8 (11.6) |
| IIIa | 46 | 34 | 4 (11.8) | 4 (11.8) | 4 (11.8) | 4 (11.8) |
| IIIb | 13 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 (50) | 0 |
| IIIc | 13 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Region | ||||||
| Upper extremity | 87 | 79 | 3 (3.7) | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 7 (8.8) |
| Femur | 40 | 38 | 4 (10.5) | 2 (5.3) | 0 | 7 (18.5) |
| Tibia | 109 | 84 | 12 (14.2) | 5 (5.9) | 10 (11.9) | 8 (9.5) |
| Foot and ankle | 61 | 54 | 9 (16.7) | 4 (7.4) | 4 (7.4) | 1 (1.9) |
| Velocity | ||||||
| High | 229 | 192 | 19 (9.9) | 10 (5.2) | 10 (5.2) | 16 (8.3) |
| Low | 68 | 63 | 9 (14.3) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (6.3) | 7 (11.1) |
| Time to closure | ||||||
| < 8 h | 165 | 162 | 19 (11.7) | 9 (5.5) | 12 (7.4) | 11 (6.8) |
| ≥ 8 h | 132 | 93 | 9 (9.6) | 3 (3.2) | 2 (2.2) | 12 (12.9) |