Clavien–Dindo classification of surgical complications (13)
| Grade | Description |
|---|---|
| I | Any deviation from the normal postoperative course without the need for pharmacological treatment or surgical, endoscopic and radiologic interventions. |
| Acceptable therapeutic regimens are drugs, such as antiemetics, antipyretics, analgesics, diuretics and electrolytes, and physiotherapy. | |
| This grade also includes wound infections opened at the bedside. | |
| II | Requires pharmacological treatment with drugs other than those allowed for grade I complications. Blood transfusions, antibiotics and total parenteral nutrition are also included. |
| III | Requires surgical, endoscopic or radiological intervention. |
| IIIa | Intervention under regional/local anesthesia. |
| IIIb | Intervention under general anesthesia. |
| IV | Life-threatening complication requiring intensive care/intensive care unit management. |
| IVa | Single-organ dysfunction. |
| IVb | Multiorgan dysfunction. |
| V | Patient demise. |