Surgical interventions performed and associated indications*
| Intervention | Group; no. (%) | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, n = 258 | Cyclists, n = 209 | Mountain bikers, n = 49 | ||
| Craniotomy or craniectomy for evacuation of hematoma | 18 (7.0) | 17 (8.1) | 1 (2.0) | 0.13 |
| Facial procedure for fracture(s) | 15 (5.8) | 11 (5.3) | 4 (8.2) | 0.43 |
| Spinal procedure for fracture(s) or instability | 20 (7.8) | 14 (6.7) | 6 (12.2) | 0.19 |
| Thoracotomy for | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.5) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Hemorrhaging LLL laceration and pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Intercostal artery injury | ||||
| Laparotomy for: | 7 (2.7) | 7 (3.3) | 0 (0) | 0.19 |
| AAST grade II liver and grade III renal injury | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Splenic injury | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| AAST grade III | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.4) | 0 (0) | |
| AAST grade V | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Duodenal perforation | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Extraperitoneal packing of bleeding pelvic fracture | ||||
| Extremity open reduction internal fixation | 25 (9.7) | 23 (11.0) | 2 (4.1) | 0.14 |
| Vascular repair for brachial artery transection | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.0) | |
| Repair of blunt tracheolarygneal injury | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | |
| Wound suturing and/or debridement alone | 5 (1.9) | 5 (2.4) | 0 (0) | |
| None | 172 (66.7) | 138 (66.0) | 34 (69.4) | 0.65 |
AAST = American Association for the Surgery of Trauma; LLL = left lower lobe of the lung.
↵* p values not afforded when event rates too small to compare.