Table 4

Summary of outcome measures for antegrade versus retrograde studies

Measure	Herscovici et al. (15) Level II prospective cohort	Ostrum et al. (14) Level II randomized	Tornetta and Tiburzi (19) Level II quasirandomized	Daglar et al. (20) Level II quasirandomized	Toluse et al. (21) Level II prospective cohort	Dougherty et al. (22) Level III retrospective	Kuhn et al. (23) Level III retrospective	Salem et al. (16) Level III retrospective	Ricci et al. (25) Level III retrospective	Ricci et al. (18) Level III retrospecitve	Murray et al. (17) Level III retrospective
Operative duration		NS	p < 0.05^‡	p = 0.029^§	NS	NS			p < 0.01 (unreamed)^§
Estimated blood loss		NS	NS			NS			p < 0.01 (unreamed)^§
Malalignment	NS	p = 0.05	p < 0.05^‡	p = 0.44				NS		NS
Union		NS	NS	NS					NS
Delayed union		NS		p = 0.59		NS			NS
Nonunion		NS				NS	NS		NS
Malunion							NS	NS	NS
Deaths		NS
Functional outcome measure^*				p = 0.70				NS			p < 0.05 (KOOS)^‡ NS (HOOS)
Hip ROM			NS								NS
Knee ROM		NS	NS								p < 0.05^‡
Hip pain		p = 0.0108^§							p < 0.05^§
Knee pain		NS	p < 0.05^‡						p < 0.001^‡
Dynamization		p = 0.10^§
Femoral shortening			p < 0.05^‡	p = 0.32				NS
Reoperations				p = 0.47					NS		p < 0.05^‡
Heterotopic ossification around the hip			NS				p < 0.001^‡		p < 0.001^§
Pudendal nerve injury									NS
Trendelenburg gait		p < 0.05^§
Other medical complications^†	NS	NS				NS	NS		NS		NS

HOOS = hip dysfunction and osteoarthritis outcome score; KOOS = knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score; NS = not significant; ROM = range of motion.
↵* Functional outcome measures include lower extremity measure, Harris hip score, Lysholm score, Lysholm and Tegner score, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index, Merle d’Aubigne and Postel, KOOS and HOOS.
↵† Other medical complications include: pulmonary embolism, fat embolus syndrome, deep venous thrombosis, postoperative hematoma, haemarthrosis, infection, hyperbilirubinemia, and pneumonia.
↵‡ Favours antegrade nailing.
↵§ Favours retrograde nailing.