Pre- and postoperative opioid use, stratified by preoperative opioid use
| Opioid | Total cohort, % | Intermittent opioid use, % | Long-term opioid use, % | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preoperative | Postoperative | Percent difference* | Preoperative | Postoperative | Percent difference* | Preoperative | Postoperative | Percent difference* | |
| Codeine | 40.25 | 37.04 | −3.21 | 50.76 | 53.06 | 2.30 | 28.21 | 23.62 | −4.59 |
| Tramadol | 31.12 | 27.97 | −3.15 | 35.55 | 32.93 | −2.62 | 26.03 | 23.74 | −2.29 |
| Oxycodone | 11.22 | 18.58 | 7.36 | 5.32 | 8.98 | 3.66 | 17.97 | 26.61 | 8.64 |
| Morphine | 6.45 | 2.86 | −3.59 | 1.81 | 1.36 | −0.45 | 11.76 | 4.13 | −7.63 |
| Hydromorphone | 5.53 | 7.40 | 1.87 | 3.23 | 2.86 | −0.37 | 8.17 | 11.24 | 3.07 |
| Fentanyl | 0.76 | 4.60 | 3.84 | 0.76 | 0.00 | −0.76 | 0.76 | 8.49 | 7.73 |
| Other† | 4.67 | 1.55 | −3.12 | 2.58 | 0.81 | −1.77 | 7.08 | 2.17 | −4.91 |