Table 2

Major outcomes of included studies*

Procedure; studyOpioid reduction% opioid reductionPain scoreLength of stayMobilizationAdverse eventsPatient satisfaction
Total knee arthroplasty
Allen et al.,21 1998−NR+
Andersen et al.,22 2010+66.7+
Badner et al.,23 1996
 Bupivacaine LAI after wound closure+27.2−+
 Bupivacaine LAI before wound closure−16−−
Borckardt et al.,24 2013+46−
Buvanendran et al.,25 2003+37.6+
Chan et al.,26 2015+52.3
Essving et al.,27 2011+51++
Essving et al.,28 2010+79.3+++−
Goyal et al.,29 2013+26.5
Gomez-Cardero et al.,30 2010+24++
Hanson et al.,31 2014+26.3++−−
He et al.,32 2013+16.6++
Ho et al.,33 2010+35.6−
Huang et al.,34 2007+40++−
Hubbard et al.,35 2003
 Parecoxib, 20 mg+15.6+−
 Parecoxib, 40 mg+27.8+−
Inan et al.,36 2007+45.7−+
Jenstrup et al.,37 2012+28.6+
Kampitak et al.,38 2019+NR+−
Lamplot et al.,39 2014+57.1++
Leung et al.,40 2018+23.4++
Mont et al.,41 2018+77.7+−
Nader et al.,42 2016+20+
Pham Dang et al.,43 2005+81+++
Runge et al.,44 2016+10+−
Sahin et al.,45 2014+52.8+−
Samona et al.,46 2017+49.3−
Sarridou et al.,47 2014+32+
Thijs et al.,48 2018+53.8
Usichenki et al.,49 2007−NR−
Venditolli et al.,50 2006+40+−
Williams et al.,51 2013−NR−−−
Banerjee52 2014+30.5++
Chin et al.,53 2020+38−
Klement et al.54 2019+54.6++
Kuo et al.,55 2017+34+
Xiao et al.,56 2018
 Flurbiprofen axetil+25++−
 Celecoxib+50++−
Horlocker et al.,57 2002+NR−
Stevenson et al.,58 2018+100+
Total hip arthroplasty
Aguirre et al.,59 2012+25.5++
Becchi et al.,60 2008+34+
Bilir et al.,61 2007+24.9−
Camu et al.,62 2002
 Valdecoxib, 40 mg+43+−−
 Valdecoxib, 20 mg+41+−−
Clarke et al.,63 2009−NR−−
Desmet et al.,64 2017+44.3−+
Fogarty et al.,65 1995+50+−
Hwang et al.,66 2010+NR+−
Köroglu et al.,67 2008+36.1+
Laitenan et al.,68 1992+39.8+−
Lan et al.,69 2012+30.3−+
Malan et al.,70 2003
 Parecoxib, 20 mg+22.1+−
 Parecoxib, 40 mg+43.1++
Martinez et al.,71 2013+50.6−−
Murphy et al.,72 2012+45.8−−
Remérand et al.,73 2009+28−
Serpell et al.,74 1989+50
Siddiqui et al.,75 2007+40.3+++
Stevens et al.,76 2007+44.6−
Ward et al.,77 2012+100++−
Gurkan et al.,78 2018+32+−
Post et al.,79 2010+50.4++
Banerjee et al.,80 2011+30.9’++
Maheshwari et al.,81 2006+15++
Uusalo et al.,82 2019+17.3
VanWagner et al.,83 2019+61+
Total knee arthroplasty and total hip arthroplasty
Alexander et al.,84 2002+29.6+−
Arcioni et al.,85 2007+69.2−
Boeckstyns et al.,86 1992+23.4−
Oberhofer et al.,87 2011+89.3+−
Kazerooni et al.,88 2012
 THA: celecoxib, 200 mg twice daily+39.8+
 TKA: celecoxib, 200 mg twice daily+36.3+
Singla et al.,89 2010+30.9+
Raiff et al.,90 2014−NR
Spinal surgery
Aveline et al.,91 2006
 Ketamine+17.1−−
 Morphine + ketamine+57+−
Cassinelli et al.,92 2008+74.1+
Farag et al.,93 2013+25.7+−−
Fujita et al.,94 2016
 Pregabalin, 75 mg+30−−
 Pregabalin, 150 mg+30.0−−
Garcia et al.,95 2013+58.3++−
Garg et al.,96 2016+22+−
Glaser et al.,97 2016+23−
Gottschalk et al.,98 2004+38.2+−+
Hernandez et al.,99 2001+46−
Jirarattanaphochai et al.,100 2007+12.5+−
Karst et al.,101 2003−13.4−
Kesmici et al.,102 2011+35.6−−
Kim et al.,103 2013
 Ketamine, 0.5 mg/kg bolus then 1 μg/kg per minute infusion+42.6−−−
 Ketamine, 0.5 mg/kg bolus then 2 μg/kg per minute infusion−8.5−−−
Pandey et al.,105 2004+35.1+−
Rajpal et al.,106 2010+37.6−+
Riest et al.,107 2006+20+
Rowe et al.,108 1992+30+
Singh et al.,109 2019+80.6+
Turan et al.,110 2004+61.9++
Unterrainer et al.,111 2008+30.8−
Unterrainer et al.,112 2010
 TENS postoperatively+NR
 TENS pre- and postoperatively+NR
Yamashita et al.,113 2006
 Flurbiprofen axetil preoperatively+62.5+−
 Flurbiprofen axetil postoperatively+NS−−
Ali et al.,114 2019+13.9+
Lovecchio et al.,115 2019+22.1
Bohl et al.,116 2016+56.9−+
Smith et al.,117 2014+45.1−
Soffin et al.,118 2019+93.6−
Chin et al.,119 2019+100
Arthroscopy
Ahn et al.,120 2016+31.4+−
Butterfield et al.,121 2001+57.7+−
Ekman et al.,122 2016+21.7+
Hoenecke et al.,123 2002−NR+
Ilan et al.,124 2004+47.8−
Lierz et al.,125 2012+62.5+−+
Mahure et al.,126 2017+25.5+
Mardani-Kivi et al.,127 2013
 ACL: celecoxib, 40 mg+33.7+−
 Meniscectomy: celecoxib, 40 mg+59.9+−
Mardani-Kivi et al.,128 2016+54−−
Montazeri et al.,129 2007+14+−
Ringrose et al.,130 1984+40
Saritas et al.,131 2015+24.5+
Syed et al.,132 2018+41.2+
Matheny et al.,133 1993+89+
Edkin et al.,134 1995+NR
Other orthopedic surgery
Argoff et al.,135 2016
 Diclofenac, 35 mg+45.9−
 Diclofenac, 18 mg+37.8−
 Celecoxib+29.7−
Bech et al.,136 2011−100−
Delbos et al.,137 1995+24−−
Diaz-Borjon et al.,138 2017+33+
El-Kerdawy et al.,139 2008+38.4−+
Fredman et al.,140 2000−NR−
Gehling et al.,141 2009
 Morphine, 0.1 mg + bupivacaine intrathecally+20−
 Morphine, 0.2 mg + bupivacaine intrathecally+40−
Hamal et al.,142 2015+40+
Jones et al.,143 1985+64.4
Kinsella et al.,144 1992+66.7−−
Mattila et al.,145 2010+28.9+−
Park et al.,147 1996+37−+
Sanzone et al.,148 2016+31++
Southworth et al.,149 2009
 Ibuprofen, 400 mg+3−−
 Ibuprofen, 800 mg+21.0+−
Twiston-Davies et al.,150 1990+73+
Waikakula et al.,151 2011+55.6−−
Weinbroum,152 2002
 General anesthesia + dextromethorphan+44.9+−
 Epidural + dextromethorphan+50+−
Xu et al.,153 2016+33.5−+
Zhao et al.,154 2016+5+−
Dwyer et al.,155 2018+54.5−
McLaughlin et al.,156 2018+44−+
Robbins et al.,157 2015−NR
Ayling et al.,158 2014+39.6−−
Cao et al.,159 2018+46+−
Stepan et al.,160 2019+52.3
Maurer et al.,161 2002+NR

  • NR = not reported; NS = not significant; TENS = transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation; THA = total hip arthroplasty; TKA = total knee arthroplasty.

  • ↵* + represents a positive significant difference compared to control, and − represents no difference compared to control, when reported.