Study | Time to completion, mean ± SD, min:s (p value) | Change in skills scores, mean ± SD (p value) | % of trainees who committed technical errors (p value) | Accuracy, % (p value) | Time-based score, mean ± SD (p value) | Other (p value)* |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brandão et al.,26 2021 | — | — | — | — | — | Mean scores: Anatomy knowledge 4.79 Valve excision 4.72 Stitches in valve annulus 4.47 Prosthesis implantation 4.34 Time 4.20 |
Englehardt et al.,11 2019 | — | — | — | — | — | Knot tying time initial range: 16.1–30.5 s, final range: 6.6–15.7 s |
Feins et al.,5 2017 | — | Session 1 3.78 Session 8 4.53 | — | — | — | — |
Greenhouse et al.,28 2013 | General surgery residents 52:54 ± 9:00 Cardiothoracic surgery residents 32:48 ± 4:42 Surgeons 28:00 ± 3:30 (< 0.001) | General surgery residents 32.9 ± 11.4 Cardiothoracic surgery residents 65.1 ± 11.5 Surgeons 88.3 ± 7.8 (< 0.001) | General surgery residents anterior leaflet 100.0, anteromedial 85.7, posterior leaflet 57.1 posteromedial 57.1 Cardiothoracic surgery residents anterior leaflet 50.0, anteromedial 62.5, posterior leaflet 12.5, posteromedial 37.5 Surgeons anterior leaflet 0.0 (0.001), anteromedial 50.0 (0.5), posterior leaflet 0.0 (0.06), posteromedial 0.0 (0.2) | — | — | — |
Jebran et al.,12 2019 | Students initial: 54 ± 5, final: 35 ± 6 (< 0.05) Residents initial: 47 ± 6, final: 31 ± 6 (< 0.05) | Students initial: 131 ± 21, final: 208 ± 19 (< 0.05) Residents initial: 149 ± 21, final: 237 ± 15 (< 0.05) | — | — | — | — |
Joyce et al.,36 2011 | Before practice 31:00 ± 09:00 After practice 25:00 ± 06:00 (0.03) | Identify PA 2.7 ± 0.8 3.4 ± 0.6 (< 0.01) Identify AA 2.7 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.7 (< 0.01) Needle angles 2.4 ± 0.6 3.2 ± 0.5 (< 0.01) Needle RFA 2.7 ± 0.6 3.2 ± 0.7 (< 0.01) Tissue handling 2.6 ± 0.8 3.1 ± 0.8 (< 0.01) Depth of bite 3.0 ± 0.5 3.5 ± 0.5 (0.01) SAAA 2.8 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.8 (< 0.01) Suture spacing 2.9 ± 0.7 3.5 ± 0.7 (< 0.01) Situating mitral ring 2.7 ± 0.9 3.4 ± 0.8 (< 0.01) Knot tying 2.9 ± 0.9 3.4 ± 0.7 (< 0.01) Suture management and tension 2.7 ± 1.0 3.6 ± 0.8 (< 0.01) | — | — | — | — |
Sardari Nia et al.,30 2020 | Before course 1:27 ± 0:26 After course 0:42 ± 0:19 (< 0.001) | — | — | Anterior leaflet 56 100 (< 0.001) Posterior leaflet 43 99 (< 0.001) | — | Theoretical assessment 58%, range 50%–63% 67%, range 58%–75% (< 0.001) |
Sharma et al.,27 2021 | — | — | — | — | — | Mean scores (95% CI) Anatomy knowledge 2.6 (2.3–2.8) 3.4 (3.1–3.7) (< 0.01) Imaging knowledge 1.9 (1.7–2.2) 2.7 (2.4–3.0) (< 0.01) Theoretical knowledge 1.7 (1.4–1.9) 3.4 (3.1–3.7) (< 0.01) Description of steps 1.8 (1.4–2.1) 3.3 (3.0–3.6) (< 0.01) Performing steps 1.4 (1.1–1.6) 2.9 (2.7–3.2) (< 0.01) Performing operation 1.2 (1.0–1.5) 2.9 (2.6–3.1] (< 0.01) |
Tavlasoglu et al.,37 2013 | — | Coaptation depth Junior residents 1st month: 2.75 ± 0.63 mm 2nd month: 4.90 ± 0.91 mm 3rd month: 6.55 ± 0.88 mm Senior residents 1st month: 4.30 ± 0.65 mm (< 0.001) 2nd month: 5.45 ± 0.68 mm (0.05) 3rd month: 7.00 ± 0.64 mm (0.08) Regurgitation score Junior residents 1st month: 2.20 ± 0.52 2nd month: 1.65 ± 0.58 3rd month: 0.10 ± 0.30 Senior residents 1st month: 1.50 ± 0.60 (0.002) 2nd month: 0.65 ± 0.67 (< 0.001) 3rd month: 0.70 ± 0.65 (0.005) | — | — | — | — |
Valdis et al.,35 2016 | — | — | — | — | WL initial: 381.1 ± 107.8, final: 602.2 ± 11.4 (0.03) DL initial: 304.9 ± 197.0, final: 523.6 ± 48.9 (0.01) VR initial: 409.5 ± 106.1, final: 580.4 ± 14.4 (1.0) Control initial: 402.3 ± 147.2, final: 463.8 ± 86.4 (0.001) | — |
AA = anterior annulus; CI = confidence interval; DL = dry laboratory; PA = posterior annulus; RFA = removed from annulus; SAAA = suture advance along annulus; SD = standard deviation; VR = virtual reality; WL = wet laboratory.
↵* Except where noted otherwise.