Review
Epidemiology of Acquired Valvular Heart Disease

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Abstract

Population-based studies including systematic echocardiographic examinations are required to assess the prevalence of valvular heart disease. In industrialized countries, the prevalence of valvular heart disease is estimated at 2.5%. Because of the predominance of degenerative etiologies, the prevalence of valvular disease increases markedly after the age of 65 years, in particular with regard to aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation, which accounts for 3 in 4 cases of valvular disease. Rheumatic heart disease still represents 22% of valvular heart disease in Europe. The prevalence of secondary mitral regurgitation cannot be assessed reliably but it seems to be a frequent disease. The incidence of infective endocarditis is approximately 30 cases per million individiuals per year. Its stability is associated with marked changes in its presentation. Patients are getting older and staphylococcus is now becoming the microorganism most frequently responsible. Heath care-associated infections are the most likely explanation of changes in the microbiology of infective endocarditis. In developing countries, rheumatic heart disease remains the leading cause of valvular heart disease. Its prevalence is high, between 20 and 30 cases per 1000 subjects when using systematic echocardiographic screening. In conclusion, the temporal and geographical heterogeneity illustrates the effect of socioeconomic status and changes in life expectancy on the frequency and presentation of valvular heart disease. A decreased burden of valvular disease would require the elaboration of preventive strategies in industrialized countries and an improvement in the socioeconomic environment in developing countries.

Résumé

Les études basées sur une population, dont les examens échocardiographiques systématiques, sont nécessaires pour évaluer la prévalence de la cardiopathie valvulaire. Dans les pays industrialisés, la prévalence de la cardiopathie valvulaire est estimée à 2,5 %. En raison de la prédominance d’étiologies dégénératives, la prévalence de la valvulopathie augmente de façon marquée après l’âge de 65 ans, en particulier celle de la sténose aortique et de la régurgitation mitrale, qui compte 3 cas de valvulopathie sur 4. La cardiopathie rhumatismale représente encore 22 % des cardiopathies valvulaires en Europe. La prévalence de la régurgitation mitrale secondaire ne peut pas être évaluée de manière fiable, mais elle semble être une maladie fréquente. L’incidence de l’endocardite infectieuse est approximativement de 30 cas par million d’individus par année. Sa stabilité est associée à des changements marqués de son tableau clinique. Les patients deviennent plus âgés et le staphylococcus est maintenant le microorganisme le plus fréquemment responsable. Les infections associées aux soins constituent l’explication la plus probable des changements microbiologiques de l’endocardite infectieuse. Dans les pays en voie de développement, la cardiopathie rhumatismale demeure la cause principale de la cardiopathie valvulaire. Sa prévalence est élevée, soit entre 20 et 30 cas par 1000 sujets lors de dépistages échocardiographiques systématiques. En conclusion, l’hétérogénéité temporelle et géographique illustre les effets du statut socioéconomique et de l’évolution de l’espérance de vie sur la fréquence et le tableau clinique de la cardiopathie valvulaire. Une diminution du poids de la valvulopathie exigerait l’élaboration de stratégies préventives dans les pays industrialisés et une amélioration des conditions socioéconomiques dans les pays en voie de développement.

Section snippets

Overall profile

The estimation of the overall prevalence of valvular disease in industrialized countries relies on a population-based study performed in the United States, which included 11,911 subjects who underwent echocardiographic examination.2 The age-adjusted prevalence of moderate or severe valvular disease was estimated at 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 2.2%-2.7%). There was no sex difference. The prevalence of valvular disease increased with age: it was < 2% before the age of 65 years and then

Epidemiology of Valvular Disease in Developing Countries

There are major differences in the epidemiology of valvular heart disease between industrialized and developing countries, mainly related to differences in etiologies. Rheumatic heart disease remains by far the leading cause of valvular disease in developing countries. In a South African centre, rheumatic heart disease still accounted for 72% of valvular disease in 2006-2007.57 Of the 344 patients presenting with rheumatic heart disease, 59% had MR, 37% AR, 30% MS, and 9% AS. Median age at

Clinical Implications

The contemporary epidemiology of valvular heart disease has different effects on patient management.

The first challenge is to detect valvular disease at an early stage before complications occur and worsen the prognosis. The comparison between echocardiographic findings and diagnosis have shown that a number cases of at least moderate valvular disease are not diagnosed.2 This underlines the need for appropriate training in auscultation and for echocardiographic evaluation of patients with

Conclusions

Valvular heart disease remains frequent but is subject to important temporal and spatial epidemiologic heterogeneity and this has important consequences on patient management. The predominance of degenerative etiologies in industrialized countries accounts for a high burden of valvular disease in elderly patients with comorbidities. Because 3 in 4 patients present with AS or MR, the recent development of percutaneous approaches is of particular interest to offer an effective therapy to a

Disclosures

Dr Iung has received consultant fees from Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Valtech, and speaker's fees from Edwards Lifesciences. Dr. Vahanian is a member of the Advisory Board for Medtronic, Abbott, Valtech, and Boehringer Ingelheim, and has received speaker's fees from Edwards Lifesciences and Siemens.

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