Advanced Laparoscopic Skills Acquisition: The Case of Laparoscopic Colorectal Surgery

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suc.2006.05.004Get rights and content

Section snippets

Historical context

It has been almost 20 years since the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy by Eric Mühe [1] and Philippe Mouret [2] in the early 1990s, and it changed the face of surgery forever. Since then, the development and validation of advanced end-organ and intestinal minimally invasive procedures have occupied an ever-increasing place in the surgical literature [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. Moreover, multiple randomized trials have demonstrated the superiority of laparoscopic colon resection

Basic principles of technical skill acquisition

Unfortunately, many teachers of surgery in the past have downplayed the technical aspect of surgery while trying to highlight the importance of sound surgical judgment, cognitive knowledge, and decision-making capability—“…you can train a monkey to operate.” With the advent of advanced laparoscopic procedures, it has become evident that the difficulty of acquiring the technical skill aspect of surgery has been underestimated [18]. Although it is beyond the scope of this article to review all

Educational strategies

Advanced laparoscopic surgery is a highly intellectual activity that involves the processing of perceptual information that is received from proprioceptive, visual, tactile, olfactory, and auditory sources. DesCôteaux and colleagues [26] have suggested three strategies to help learners process, organize, and retain perceptual information: imagery, mental practice, and systematic review of performance.

The MIS mindset

Medicine, the only profession that labors incessantly to destroy the reason for its existence.

James Bryce, British historian (1838–1922)

In the past 2 decades, the use of the least aggressive treatment that provides equivalent or better outcomes for the patient has been a clear direction of surgical therapy in all specialties. Although this vision still may seem utopian for some, it certainly depicts the philosophy of MIS surgeons, who, in every case, try to use the least aggressive approach to

Skill sets more specific to advanced laparoscopic surgery

Several problems need to be addressed for the adequate performance of advanced laparoscopic procedures, and most advanced laparoscopists of the first generation often have learned the hard way. Laparoscopic surgery is based foremost on the prophylaxis of any errors. One cannot cut corners in laparoscopic surgery, and patience is paramount. This surgery is not for impatient surgeons.

Some skills that seem to define advanced laparoscopic surgery are reviewed. Because many laparoscopic skills are

Skills laboratory and simulators

Skills and simulation laboratories have proliferated in the teaching environment of academic health sciences centers over the last few years. With regards to laparoscopic skills they offer an introduction to basic MIS skills with a spectrum of tools that ranges from box trainers to virtual reality simulators. They have been shown to improve operating room performance in basic laparoscopic procedures (eg, laparoscopic cholecystectomy), and are useful in introducing learners to laparoscopic

Summary

Acquisition of advanced technical skills requires commitment, time, patience, and discipline (eg, the 10-year rule). Dabbling is not a recipe for success.

Despite the value of all other teaching methods, guided practice with feedback is essential to develop the high level of visuospatial perceptual ability (observation and performance with feedback) that is necessary for advanced MIS.

The necessary ingredients to skill acquisition for advanced MIS procedures (laparoscopic colorectal surgery) for

First page preview

First page preview
Click to open first page preview

References (59)

  • C. Thibault et al.

    Laparoscopic splenectomy: operative technique and preliminary report

    Surg Laparosc Endosc

    (1992)
  • B.J. Carroll et al.

    Laparoscopic splenectomy

    Surg Endosc

    (1992)
  • M.J. Curet et al.

    Laparoscopically assisted colon resection for colon carcinoma: perioperative results and long-term outcome

    Surg Endosc

    (2000)
  • R. Veldkamp et al.

    Laparoscopic resection of colon cancer. Consensus of the European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (E.A.E.S.)

    Surg Endosc

    (2004)
  • N.S. Abraham et al.

    Meta-analysis of short-term outcomes after laparoscopic resection for colorectal cancer

    B J Surg

    (2004)
  • W. Schwenk et al.

    Short term benefits for laparoscopic colorectal resection

    Cochrane Database Syst Rev

    (2005)
  • Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy Study Group (COST)

    A comparison of laparoscopically assisted and open colectomy for colon cancer

    N Engl J Med

    (2004)
  • Symposium on laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer. European Association of Endoscopic Surgery (EAES) Annual...
  • D.L. Fowler et al.

    The impact of a full-time director of minimally invasive surgery: clinical practice, education, and research

    Surg Endosc

    (2000)
  • D. Szalay

    Technical skills—lessons from occupational and sports psychology

    Foc Surg Educ

    (1997)
  • J.A. Kopta

    The development of motor skills in orthopaedic education

    Clin Orthop Rel Res

    (1971)
  • K.S. Ericsson

    The acquisition of expert performance

  • K.A. Ericsson et al.

    The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance

    Psychol Rev

    (1993)
  • R.M. Gagné

    The conditions of learning

    (1985)
  • A.L. Schueneman et al.

    Age, gender, lateral dominance and prediction of operative skills among general surgery residents

    Surgery

    (1985)
  • A.L. Schueneman et al.

    Neurophysiologic predictors of operative skills among general surgery residents

    Surgery

    (1984)
  • D.A. Risucci et al.

    Construct validation of a visual perceptual factor in surgical technical skill

    Focus Surg Educ

    (1993)
  • J.G. DesCôteaux et al.

    Learning surgical technical skills

    Can J Surg

    (1995)
  • C. Shea et al.

    Actual and observational practice: unique perspective on learning

    Res Q Exerc Sport

    (1993)
  • Cited by (17)

    • Training for Minimally Invasive Cancer Surgery

      2019, Surgical Oncology Clinics of North America
      Citation Excerpt :

      The sense of urgency to acquire MIS skills has spurred the development of many fellowship and short-course training programs, and a rapid advancement of training technology options. Since Frederich Greene told the World Congress of Laparoscopic Surgery in 1998, ‘‘The capacity of American surgery to adequately teach advanced minimally invasive surgery is simply overwhelmed,’’1 how far has the field come? Throughout the literature are exciting examples of how specialists and generalists alike are working to overcome the educational challenges of this rapid evolution.

    • Core Competencies for Gynecologic Endoscopy in Residency Training: A National Consensus Project

      2009, Journal of Minimally Invasive Gynecology
      Citation Excerpt :

      Nevertheless, the creation of a surgical curriculum for laparoscopy and hysteroscopy will offer our trainees the necessary road map to attain cognitive knowledge and develop technical skills while providing guidance to clinical teachers for determining educational milestones. When endoscopic teaching is based on a structured and comprehensive curriculum, skills and outcomes are improved [24–27]. Growing evidence also suggests that formal laparoscopic training of gynecology residents also improves patient outcomes [26].

    • The Role of Simulation in Surgical Continuing Medical Education

      2008, Seminars in Colon and Rectal Surgery
      Citation Excerpt :

      Transfer of training has been the focus of considerable research outside of surgery69,70 and knowledge gained in this research could serve as the starting point to understand how to create the optimal transfer of training from surgical CME to surgical practice.71

    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text