Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes

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Body Mass Index Criteria

The basic definition of obesity is the accumulation of abnormal or excess body fat. It is a complex, multifactorial disease that results from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Excess body weight is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, including increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, dyslipidemia, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea syndrome, and some cancers.3

The most commonly used measurement that closely correlates with body adiposity is the body

Statistics in the United States

Obesity is increasing at an alarming rate in the United States.2, 17 Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicate that, in 2003 to 2004, 32.2% of US adults were obese.17 Compared with data from 1999 to 2000, the prevalence of obesity among adult men significantly increased, from 27.5% to 31.1%, by 2003 to 2004, whereas the prevalence among adult women remained stable (33.4% vs 33.2%).17 By 2003 to 2004, approximately 30% of non-Hispanic white adults were

Statistics in the United States

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a prevalent disease, affecting approximately 8.3% of people in the United States.28 Of these individuals, 18.8 million have been diagnosed, whereas an additional 7 million remain undiagnosed.28 The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) 2011 National Diabetes Fact Sheet reported that 1.9 million cases were diagnosed in 2010 and that 11.3% of adults more than the age of 25 years, and 26.9% of those more than the age of 65 years, have diabetes.28 Although gender does not

Options for medical and surgical management

The health risks of obesity diminish with weight loss. Even a modest weight loss can result in a 20% reduction in all-cause mortality.43 A weight gain of 5 to 7 kg can increase the risk of diabetes by 50%, whereas a reduction of as little as 5 kg decreases the risk by the same amount.44 When considering obesity in the context of type 2 diabetes, management has to integrate good glycemic control with weight loss. As soon as diabetes is diagnosed, effective therapies for weight management should

Summary

Obesity is a burgeoning health care crisis in the United States and around the world. This disease is closely associated with numerous medical problems, including diabetes mellitus. Weight reduction is the cornerstone of therapy for obesity and diabetes. Current nonsurgical weight loss therapies consist of lifestyle modifications and medications and have been shown to be largely ineffective. Bariatric surgery has repeatedly been shown to be safe and highly efficacious in achieving and

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      Our current data extend previous observations (above) and show the diet- and feeding schedule-induced alteration in the dopamine D2 receptor signaling. Thus, rats fed with HF did not demonstrate any significant change in striatal dopamine D2 receptor mRNA or protein what supports earlier data on mice with 12-week consumption of HF food as well as on rats with the long-term, calorie-restricted HF diet [1, for review see: 29] in which obesity was not associated with dopamine D2 receptor protein expression in the striatal areas. In contrast to our present and the above cited authors’ findings, quantitative autoradiography revealed that 3-week exposure to HF diet increased by ca. 30% dopamine D2 receptor binding density in the dorsal and ventral parts of the mouse striatum as well as in the nucleus accumbens shell [30].

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