Ten cases of vascular compression of the duodenum are presented, and 125 cases in the literature since 1962 are reviewed. More common in women than in men, the lesion may result from supine immobilization, wearing body cast, or a rapid weight loss. In about one third of the patients, no predisposing factor can be found. Diagnosis is best made by cinefluoroscopy. Although conservative measures will provide relief in a few patients, most will require surgery. Section of the suspensory muscle and relocation of the duodenojejunal junction will relieve the symptoms in many patients. Duodenojejunostomy will be required in some others. Complete relief can be expected in all but a very few patients. Those who have developed neurotic eating habits from years of discomfort may not show immediate improvement. Untreated vascular compression of the duodenum may be chronic or may become acute with fatal results.