Background: In 1990, a clinical pathway for streamlining the care of patients undergoing elective carotid endarterectomy was developed and tested at our institution. This consisted of extensive preoperative patient education in the surgeon's office, outpatient arteriography (now performed only on select patients), same-day admission, regional anesthesia when possible, selective use of the intensive care unit (ICU), and early discharge in the first postoperative day when feasible.
Patients and methods: Between January 1, 1991 and June 30, 1994, 186 patients were entered into the protocol. Twenty-six percent of the patients were asymptomatic, while 74% had either transient symptoms or a prior stroke; 13% were operated on under general anesthesia.
Results: Three (1.6%) patients developed neurologic complications: 1 minor stroke, 1 transient ischemic attack, and 1 intracerebral hematoma; and 18 (10%) patients required the ICU postoperatively. On the first postoperative day, 157 patients were discharged. Average operative time was 48 minutes (range 39 to 61). Average length of stay (LOS) was 1.27 days. One death occurred on the 28th postoperative day from cardiac causes, and there were no hospital readmissions. Cost savings were over $3,000/patient when compared to the diagnosis-related group reimbursement. Because of the distribution of the data, statistical analysis was not feasible; however, several trends were clear. Neurologic complications, admission to the ICU, and increasing LOS all diminished the cost efficiency of carotid endarterectomy. Type of anesthesia and the use of a shunt or patching did not affect cost. Clearly, increasing the length of operation would also decrease cost efficiency.
Conclusions: Adoption of the clinical pathway presented here is feasible in any institution. One-day admission for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy has been shown to be safe, highly cost-effective, and results in more efficient use of scarce resources, such as the ICU.