Study Design: Retrospective literature review of spine surgical site infection (SSI). Objective:
To perform a review of SSI risk factors and more specifically, categorize them into patient …

Arthroscopic or open shoulder surgery can be performed using the lateral decubitus or
beach-chair position. Advantages of the lateral decubitus position include better visualization and …

Glucocorticoids act on the osteoblasts to up-regulate the expression of RANKL, which is
very important in the etiology of glucocorticoid-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone …

Normal hip range of motion (ROM) is essential in running and transfer of energy from lower
to upper extremities during overhead throwing. Dysfunctional hip ROM may alter lower …

Background— Little is known about innate immune mechanisms within the cardiac myocyte
that determine susceptibility to enterovirus infection, an important cause of myocarditis and …

The inhibition of osteoblast proliferation by glucocorticoids (GCs) is very important in the
etiology of GC-induced osteoporosis. The mechanisms of this process are still not fully …

Anti-apoptotic effects of estrogen on osteoblasts are very important in the etiology of estrogen
protection of the adult skeleton against bone loss. The mechanisms of this process are still …

Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has become the treatment of choice for patients
with rotator cuff arthropathy. Complication rate after RTSA has been reported to be three to …

Total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is utilized in the treatment of rheumatoid and post-traumatic
elbow arthritis. TEA is a relatively low volume surgery in comparison to other types of …

Osteoporosis, an osteolytic disease that affects millions of people worldwide, features a
bone remodeling imbalance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by …