We describe those sensations that are unpleasant, intense, or distressing as painful. Pain is
not homogeneous, however, and comprises three categories: physiological, inflammatory, …

Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained
by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." …

There has been an explosion of new findings recently giving us insights into the involvement
of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A host of new molecular tools and …

… f, Mean ± sem peak current evoked by GABA measured in LI neurons at various values of
V m in slices taken from the rats in d. Horizontal standard error bars represent interneuron …

Amyloid-β peptide is elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease and is believed
to be causative in the disease process. Amyloid-β reduces glutamatergic transmission and …

Pain after nerve damage is an expression of pathological operation of the nervous system 1
, 2 , one hallmark of which is tactile allodynia—pain hypersensitivity evoked by innocuous …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate ischemic brain damage but also mediate
essential neuronal excitation. To treat stroke without blocking NMDARs, we transduced …

A large and rapidly increasing body of evidence indicates that microglia-to-neuron signaling
is essential for chronic pain hypersensitivity. Using multiple approaches, we found that …

Chiral molecules containing asymmetric carbon centers bonded with nitrogen are
ubiquitous in nature and also form important structural fragments in both natural and man-made …

Neuropathic pain is a common and severely disabling state that affects millions of people
worldwide. Such pain can be experienced after nerve injury or as part of diseases that affect …