Our decisions are guided by outcomes that are associated with decisions made in the past.
However, the amount of influence each past outcome has on our next decision remains …

Learning the value of options in an uncertain environment is central to optimal decision
making. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been implicated in using reinforcement …

Reward-guided decision-making and learning depends on distributed neural circuits with
many components. Here we focus on recent evidence that suggests four frontal lobe regions …

Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is widely held to be critical for flexibility in decision-making when
established choice values change. OFC's role in such decision making was investigated in …

A total of 2414 new di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide non-redundant SSR primer pairs, representing
2240 unique marker loci, have been developed and experimentally validated for rice (…

Activations in human dorsomedial frontal and cingulate cortices are often present in
neuroimaging studies of decision making and action selection. Interpretations have emphasized …

Our ability to judge the consequences of our actions is central to rational decision making. A
large body of evidence implicates primate prefrontal regions in the regulation of this ability. It …

Behavioral ecologists and economists emphasize that potential costs, as well as rewards,
influence decision making. Although neuroscientists assume that frontal areas are central to …

The rat medial frontal cortex (MFC) has been implicated in allowing animals to work harder
to receive larger rewards. However, it is unknown what role the individual MFC regions […

In both the wild and the laboratory, animals' preferences for one course of action over another
reflect not just reward expectations but also the cost in terms of effort that must be invested …