We describe those sensations that are unpleasant, intense, or distressing as painful. Pain is
not homogeneous, however, and comprises three categories: physiological, inflammatory, …

Neuropathic pain that occurs after peripheral nerve injury depends on the hyperexcitability
of neurons in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord 1 , 2 , 3 . Spinal microglia stimulated by ATP …

There has been an explosion of new findings recently giving us insights into the involvement
of microglia in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. A host of new molecular tools and …

Chronic pain hypersensitivity depends on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs).
However, clinical use of NMDAR blockers is limited by side effects resulting from suppression of …

Microglial research has advanced considerably in recent decades yet has been constrained
by a rolling series of dichotomies such as "resting versus activated" and "M1 versus M2." …

Amyloid-β peptide is elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease and is believed
to be causative in the disease process. Amyloid-β reduces glutamatergic transmission and …

Pain after nerve damage is an expression of pathological operation of the nervous system 1
, 2 , one hallmark of which is tactile allodynia—pain hypersensitivity evoked by innocuous …

N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) mediate ischemic brain damage but also mediate
essential neuronal excitation. To treat stroke without blocking NMDARs, we transduced …

A large and rapidly increasing body of evidence indicates that microglia-to-neuron signaling
is essential for chronic pain hypersensitivity. Using multiple approaches, we found that …

Neuropathic pain is a common and severely disabling state that affects millions of people
worldwide. Such pain can be experienced after nerve injury or as part of diseases that affect …