Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signaling pathways involved in
the regulation of normal cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. Aberrant regulation of …

Immune checkpoint blockade, exemplified by antibodies targeting the PD-1 receptor, can
induce durable tumor regressions in some patients. To enhance the efficacy of existing …

Environmentally transformative human use of land accelerated with the emergence of
agriculture, but the extent, trajectory, and implications of these early changes are not well …

Targeted therapies have demonstrated efficacy against specific subsets of molecularly defined
cancers 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Although most patients with lung cancer are stratified according to a …

Rho GTPases (20 human members) comprise a major branch of the Ras superfamily of
small GTPases, and aberrant Rho GTPase function has been implicated in oncogenesis and …

Purpose: Lung squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous,
and current diagnostic practices do not adequately substratify this heterogeneity. A robust, …

Background Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell proliferation and coordinate the
cell cycle checkpoint response to DNA damage. Although inhibitors with varying selectivity …

The origin and early dispersal of speakers of Transeurasian languages—that is, Japanese,
Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic—is among the most disputed issues of Eurasian …

In patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, the predictive value of KRAS mutational status
in the selection of patients for treatment with anti–epidermal growth factor (EGFR) …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States and worldwide.
Previously, lung cancer was simplistically divided into non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and …