In the last decade, the medial sural artery perforator flap (MSAP) has emerged as one of the
most popular reconstructive options for multiple body sites. The versatility of the flap hinges …

Background Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes have been recognized as
new candidate agents for treating critical-sized bone defects; they promote angiogenesis and …

Numerous procedures have been described for the operative management of acromioclavicular
(AC) joint injuries. Some of these techniques, including hardware fixation and non-…

Genetic studies have demonstrated that sclerostin was a key negative regulator of bone
formation. Sclerostin monoclonal antibody (Scl-Ab) treatment enhanced bone healing in …

In recent years, bone repair biomaterials that combine cells and bioactive factors are
superior to autologous and allogeneic bone implants. However, neither natural nor synthetic …

Background A posterolateral column fracture of the tibial plateau (PLCF) is not uncommon,
especially lateral and bicondylar tibial plateau fractures. Currently, there is no consensus on …

Currently, accurate diagnosis and successful treatment of infection after fracture fixation (IAFF)
still impose great challenges. According to the onset of infection symptoms after …

Background A coronal fracture of the posterior femoral condyle, also known as a Hoffa
fracture, is an unusual injury, and there are only a handful of case reports or series exploring it. …

Introduction and aim Distraction osteogenesis is employed in the management of hypertrophic
nonunion associated with angular deformity and shortening. This study was aimed at …

Background: Chronic inflammation associated with delayed diabetic wound healing is induced
by disturbed polarization of macrophages derived mainly from predisposed progenitor …