Background Persistent carotid–basilar connections have a prevalence of 0.14%.
Recognizing such persistent fetal anastomoses between the carotid and the vertebrobasilar …

A woman presented with 75% stenosis of the right internal carotid artery (ICA) with extension
to the origin of a persistent hypoglossal artery (PHA). The PHA is a rare fetal variant of …

Objectives Anatomic variations of the extracranial carotid artery are rare. Persistent primitive
hypoglossal artery appears with a reported incidence between 0.03% and 0.2%. We report a …

Objective: Congenital defects/diseases Background: A persistent primitive hypoglossal
artery (PPHA) is a rare congenital anomaly leading to persistent carotid-basilar …

Introduction: A persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) is a rare vascular anomaly and
is usually asymptomatic. However, the PPHA may cause multi-territorial infarction when …

Morphological characteristics of 108 cases of uni-and bilateral aplasia of the vertebral artery
(VA) in reports or images of retrospective studies, including one recent case, published …

Cranial nerve palsy in internal carotid artery (ICA) dissection occurs in 3–12% of all patients,
but in 3% of these a syndrome of hemicranias and ipsilateral cranial nerve palsy is the sole …

Persistence of the hypoglossal artery into adulthood is a rare vascular anomaly and, when
present, provides the predominant vascular supply to the posterior circulation. We describe …

Several different maneuvers have been described for obtaining access to the distal cervical
segment of the internal carotid artery or to a high carotid bifurcation. However there are …

The persistent hypoglossal artery is a rare perseverance of an embryonic vessel connecting
the anterior and posterior circulations and is generally considered to be an incidental …