PRODIGE-23 (2020) (1) | cT3 or cT4 | Standard: 5FU-CRT→Surgery | 230 | DFS: 69* OS: 88 | 12.1* | 75 | 89 | 94 | 46.5 |
Induction: FOLFIRINOX(6)→ 5FU-CRT→Surgery | 231 | DFS: 76* OS: 91 | 27.8* | 81 | 94 | 95 |
RAPIDO (2020) (2) | cTa-b, or EMVI+, CN2, MRF+, or LPLN+ | Standard: 5FU-CRT→Surgery→ ±FOLFOX(12)/CAPOX(8) | 450 | DRTF: 30* OS: 89 | 14.3* | 66† | 89 | 90 | 54 |
Consolidation: SCRT→FOLFOX(9)/ CAPOX(6)→Surgery Standard: 5FU/ OX-CRT→Surgery | 462 | DRTF: 24* OS: 89 | 28.4* | 85 | 92 | 90 |
POLISH II (2019) (3) | Primary or locally recurrent cT4, or a palpable fixed cT3 | Standard: 5FU/OX-CRT→Surgery | 254 | DFS: 43 OS: 49 | 12 | NR | 92 | 71 | 84 |
Consolidation: SCRT→FOLFOX(3)→Surgery | 261 | DFS: 41 OS: 49 | 16 | 99 | 93 | 77 |
STELLAR (2022) (4) | Primary cT3–4 or N+ in mid to distal rectum | Standard: CAPE-CRT→Surgery→CAPOX(6) | 293 | DFS: 62 OS: 75* | 12.3* | 58 | 78.5 | 87.8 | 35 |
Consolidation: SCRT→CAPOX(4) →Surgery→CAPOX(2) | 298 | DFS: 65 OS: 87* | 21.8* | 59 (98 neoadjuvant only) | 78.9 | 91.5 |
CAO/ARO/ AIO-12 (2019) (6) | cT3 if < 6 cm from AV; > cT3b if 6–12 cm from AV; cT4, or LPLN+ | Consolidation: 5FU/OX-RT→FOLFOX(3)→Surgery | 156 | NR | 25 | 85 | 91 | 90 | NR |
Induction: FOLFOX(3)→ 5FU/OX-CRT→Surgery | 150 | NR | 17 | 92 | 95 | 92 |
OPRA (2020) (7) | AJCC stage III–IV | Consolidation: 5FU-CRT→ FOLFOX/CAPOX(4 mo)→Surgery | 155 | DFS: 77 DMFS: 83 | NR | NR | 42*‡ | NR | 25 |
Induction: FOLFOX/ CAPOX(4 mo)→5FU-CRT→Surgery | 152 | DFS: 78 DMFS: 81 | NR | NR | 57*‡ | NR |