Environment |
1. This simulator was responsive to the actions performed (overall) | 4.3 (0.44) | 3.6 (0.65) | < 0.001 | 1.14 |
2. The controls were not problematic to use in this simulator | 4.3 (0.82) | 3.1 (0.85) | < 0.001 | 1.44 |
3. Visual representation of the forearm was realistic enough for the procedure | 3.8 (0.93) | 3.6 (0.93) | 0.31 | 0.23 |
4. Visual representation of the tools in this simulator are important in the performance of this procedure | 4.3 (0.75) | 4.2 (0.88) | 0.69 | 0.10 |
5. The general performance using this simulator was close in comparison to my general performance in the clinical settings | 4.0 (0.69) | 2.5 (0.78) | < 0.001 | 1.93 |
Environment overall, % | 4.1 (1.04) | 3.4 (1.02) | < 0.001 | 1.38 |
Equipment |
6. This simulator demonstrated precise movements of tools | 4.2 (0.57) | 3.1 (1.15) | < 0.001 | 1.21 |
7. All tools/equipment required were accessible during the procedure | 4.5 (0.72) | 4.0 (0.89) | 0.06 | 0.57 |
8. Tactile force feedback was simulated accurately on this simulator | 3.8 (0.76) | 2.7 (0.86) | < 0.001 | 1.38 |
9. Placement of tools was properly simulated on this simulator | 4.3 (0.62) | 3.2 (0.87) | < 0.001 | 1.50 |
10. Drilling through bone was accurate on this simulator | 3.8 (0.85) | 2.5 (0.83) | < 0.001 | 1.44 |
11. Plunging (exiting second cortex) of the drill was easy to feel on this simulator | 3.8 (1.02) | 2.6 (1.21) | < 0.001 | 1.09 |
Equipment overall, % | 4.07 (1.04) | 3.02 (1.36) | < 0.001 | 1.71 |
Psychological |
12. While performing this procedure on this simulator, it felt like I was actually doing the procedure on a patient | 3.3 (0.85) | 2.5 (0.83) | < 0.001 | 0.94 |
13. I felt comfortable performing the procedure | 4.5 (0.59) | 3.7 (1.05) | < 0.001 | 1.01 |
14. I felt like all my senses (not sound on VR) were engaged during the procedure | 4.3 (0.85) | 3.4 (0.93) | 0.001 | 0.93 |
15. The actual drilling made me feel as though I were performing a real procedure (in OR) | 3.6 (0.82) | 2.1 (0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.77 |
16. The visual aspects of the environment (i.e., display, haptics device, table) made me feel as if I were performing the real procedure (in OR) | 3.4 (0.82) | 2.2 (0.93) | < 0.001 | 1.34 |
17. The feel of the equipment made me feel as if I were actually doing the real procedure (in OR) | 3.8 (0.76) | 2.2 (0.82) | < 0.001 | 2.10 |
18. The events around me made me feel as though I were actually doing the real procedure (in OR) | 2.7 (1.01) | 1.8 (0.72) | 0.001 | 1.02 |
19. My experience in the simulator’s environment (overall) seemed consistent with my real world experiences | 3.3 (0.85) | 2.3 (0.82) | < 0.001 | 1.10 |
Psychological overall, % | 3.60 (1.19) | 2.52 (1.03) | < 0.001 | 1.96 |
Overall fidelity, % | 3.93 (1.02) | 2.99 (0.88) | < 0.001 | 2.31 |