Kluger et al. (8) | Prospective cohort | Military | Students of CTLS course Military physicians, dissimilar experience, different training levels | 77 | 1 – Videos, wound moulage 2 – LTT (details not reported) | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Jacobs et al. (9) | Prospective cohort | Civilian | Students of DSTC course PGY-4, PGY-5, fellows and junior attendings | 15 | 1 – Interactive CD-ROM 2 – Anesthetized swine | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Jacobs et al. (10) | Prospective cohort | Civilian | Students of ATOM course Traumatologists, general surgeons, trauma fellows, PGY-4 and 5 general surgery residents | 50 | 1 – Anesthetized swine | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Gaarder et al. (11) | Prospective cohort | Military | 67% (n = 95) general surgeons > 4y of experience 33% (n = 49) < 4y of experience | 144 | 1 – Anesthetized swine inflicted by a GSW to the abdomen and to the thigh | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Bowyer et al. (12) | Randomized controlled trial | Civilian | Third-year medical students No expertise in DPL | 40 | 1 – Graphical user interface simulator 2 – Anesthetized swine 3 – HPS | Pre- and posttraining | Computer simulator |
King et al. (13) | Prospective cohort | Military | General and orthopedic surgeons, nurses, OR technicians, ED technicians | 304 | 1 – Anesthetized swine | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Tugnoli et al. (14) | Prospective cohort | Civilian | Residents and general surgeons Level of training not reported | 126 | 1 – Anesthetized swine | Posttraining | No control |
Sohn et al. (15) | Prospective cohort | Military | Soldiers deploying to combat operations Level of training not reported | 1317 | 1 – HPS 2 – Anesthetized goats | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Sohn et al. (16) | Prospective cohort | Military | Non-surgical graduating residents (internists, gynecologists and obstetricians) | 60 | 1 – HPS 2 – Anesthetized swine | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Rubiano et al. (17) | Prospective cohort | Military | Combat nurses, MEDTAC course in Colombia Level of training not reported | 374 | 1 – HPS 2 – LTT (both not described in details) | Pre- and posttraining | No control |
Hall (18) | Randomized controlled trial | Military | Air force volunteers with no prior medical training | 24 | 1 – HPS 2 – Anesthetized swine | Posttraining | HPS |
McLaughlin et al. (19) | Prospective cohort | Military | Physicians (general practitioners and surgeons), nurses, physicians assistants and medical technicians Level of training not reported | 124 | 1 – HPS 2 – LTT (no details reported) 3 – Cadaveric models | Posttraining | No control |