Research
Opioid use trends in patients undergoing elective thoracic and lumbar spine surgery
Alexandra Stratton, Eugene Wai, Stephen Kingwell, Philippe Phan, Darren Roffey, Mohamed El Koussy, Sean Christie, Peter Jarzem, Parham Rasoulinejad, Steve Casha, Jerome Paquet, Michael Johnson, Edward Abraham, Hamilton Hall, Greg McIntosh, Kenneth Thomas, Raja Rampersaud, Neil Manson and Charles Fisher
Can J Surg June 01, 2020 63 (3) E306-E312; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.018218
Alexandra Stratton
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MD, MScEugene Wai
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MD, MScStephen Kingwell
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDPhilippe Phan
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MD, PhDDarren Roffey
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
PhDMohamed El Koussy
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
BScSean Christie
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDPeter Jarzem
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDParham Rasoulinejad
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MD, MScSteve Casha
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MD, PhDJerome Paquet
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDMichael Johnson
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDEdward Abraham
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDHamilton Hall
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDGreg McIntosh
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MScKenneth Thomas
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDRaja Rampersaud
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDNeil Manson
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
MDCharles Fisher
From the Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont. (Stratton, Wai, Kingwell, Phan); The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ont. (Roffey, El Koussy); the Division of Neurosurgery, Dalhousie University, Halifax, N.S. (Christie); the Department of Surgery, McGill Scoliosis & Spine Group, McGill University, Montreal, Que. (Jarzem); Victoria Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ont. (Rasoulinejad); the Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta. (Casha, Thomas); Université Laval, Québec, Que. (Paquet); the Winnipeg Spine Program, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Man. (Johnson); the Canada East Spine Centre, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, N.B. (Abraham, Manson); the Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Hall); Canadian Spine Outcomes and Research Network, Toronto, Ont.(McIntosh); Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Rampersaud); and the Combined Neurosurgery and Orthopaedic Spine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C. (Fisher).
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Opioid use trends in patients undergoing elective thoracic and lumbar spine surgery
Alexandra Stratton, Eugene Wai, Stephen Kingwell, Philippe Phan, Darren Roffey, Mohamed El Koussy, Sean Christie, Peter Jarzem, Parham Rasoulinejad, Steve Casha, Jerome Paquet, Michael Johnson, Edward Abraham, Hamilton Hall, Greg McIntosh, Kenneth Thomas, Raja Rampersaud, Neil Manson, Charles Fisher
Can J Surg Jun 2020, 63 (3) E306-E312; DOI: 10.1503/cjs.018218
Opioid use trends in patients undergoing elective thoracic and lumbar spine surgery
Alexandra Stratton, Eugene Wai, Stephen Kingwell, Philippe Phan, Darren Roffey, Mohamed El Koussy, Sean Christie, Peter Jarzem, Parham Rasoulinejad, Steve Casha, Jerome Paquet, Michael Johnson, Edward Abraham, Hamilton Hall, Greg McIntosh, Kenneth Thomas, Raja Rampersaud, Neil Manson, Charles Fisher
Can J Surg Jun 2020, 63 (3) E306-E312; DOI: 10.1503/cjs.018218
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